As reconciliation reverberates across Canada, Indigenous Peoples attempt to unravel the complex challenges left in the wake of colonization. One often-overlooked issue in this process is lateral violence, a form of aggression that occurs within marginalized or historically oppressed groups (Freire, 2000; Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2015). Also known as horizontal violence or infighting (Burnette, 2015; Clark, 2015), it often manifests through behaviors such as exclusion, bullying, gossiping, shaming, intimidation, and sabotage (Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2015).
The detrimental effects of lateral violence are observed across various socio-ecological levels. At the macro-level, it has been identified as a barrier to the preservation of Indigenous cultures and has influenced acculturation processes (Auger, 2016). On the meso-level, lateral violence in Indigenous workplaces has led to feelings of distress and a lack of support among community members (Cooper & Driedger, 2019; Wickham, 2013). At the micro-level, it has been linked to lower self-esteem and decreased well-being (Bennett, 2014).
The root causes of lateral violence in Indigenous communities’ stem from several key factors. It is commonly understood as arising from internalized oppression, both historical and contemporary, with its origins linked to the complex trauma and abuse, including staff-perpetrated and peer-to-peer abuse, experienced in residential schools (Bombay et al., 2014). Burnette (2015) proposed an ecological model that illustrates the layered impact of historical oppression within Indigenous communities. This model highlights how various factors—ranging from individual experiences to broader systemic forces—interact to perpetuate lateral violence. It emphasizes the influence of historical trauma at multiple levels, including personal, community, and societal, showing how these layers compound to create environments where lateral violence can thrive.
To address these challenges and promote collaboration, it is essential to establish open forums for dialogue. Safe spaces where community members can express concerns and grievances, foster understanding, empathy, and meaningful conversation. Encouraging active listening and problem-solving empowers individuals to work together to resolve disputes and strengthen community bonds.
In tandem with dialogue, education on trauma-informed practices is critical for addressing the lingering effects of historical trauma. Educational programs can equip community members with the tools to recognize and respond to trauma in a sensitive manner. By linking historical events to present-day challenges, individuals can approach conflicts with greater compassion, promoting a healing environment that acknowledges the effects of trauma. Cultural exchange and collaboration between communities can also play a vital role in strengthening ties. Facilitating programs with neighboring Indigenous groups allows for the sharing of traditional knowledge and practices, promoting cultural diversity and mutual respect. Such exchanges break down barriers and lay the foundation for collective growth. Finally, inclusive decision-making processes are key to addressing power imbalances that may contribute to lateral violence. Ensuring that these processes are transparent and participatory fosters a sense of shared responsibility and ownership. When every voice is heard and valued, community cohesion is strengthened, trust is built, and collaboration flourishes, breaking the cycle of lateral violence.
Indigenous lateral violence is a complex issue deeply rooted in historical trauma and systemic challenges. Addressing it requires a multifaceted approach that acknowledges these root causes while fostering cultural pride, open dialogue, and collective healing. By doing so, Indigenous communities can work toward breaking the cycle of lateral violence and building a foundation for a stronger, more resilient future.
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